Scholarship Application Essay for a Study Abroad Program

Today I am a very successful student at Albany State University. I am a Presidential Scholarship recipient, holding a 3.6 Grade Point Average and a member of the Velma Fudge Grant Honors Program. As a second semester junior, I am proud to say I have remained on the Dean’s List since I arrived on campus. Aside from my academics, I am very active on campus. As a Social Work major, I work diligently with the Students Social Work Association as an advocate for social policy and justice. Through this organization I have accumulated over three hundred hours of community outreach and volunteerism. In 2013, I served as the organization’s queen, receiving the title Ms. SSWA. More recently I have become a Global Ambassador for the university’s Study Abroad Global Program. Looking at my achievements, I would have never imagined myself as a prosperous college student. For most of my life I had been considered a statistic. My mother gave birth to me out of wedlock with a father I have never met and I am an African American minority who comes from poverty. These two aspects of my life analytically put me at a higher risk to conceive children during my adolescent years and to continue a cycle of poverty. Coming from a low income neighborhood that resided on the border of two local gangs, I believed these types of studies. I thought that my future would be bleak. I felt torn down by society’s self-fulfilling prophecy of my outcomes. Things really hit home when I witnessed my cousin’sShow MoreRelatedRelationship With Intern Abroad And The Academic And Future Professional Goals1651 Words   |  7 PagesWhy do you wish to study or intern abroad and what factors led you to this decision? What do you hope to gain from and what do you anticipate will be the impact of your experience abroad?   2. Describe your study or intern abroad program. What factors led you to select this program and length of study?   3. Why have you chosen your country of study? What factors led you to select this country?   4. How will this study or intern abroad program and the coursework you take abroad impact your academicRead MoreStudy Abroad Essay1662 Words   |  7 PagesQuestions to Ask Your Study Abroad Consultant With the ever growing popularity of overseas education, international admissions experts have sprung up like tea stalls at every street corner. Some promise a red carpet walk to the admissions office, in exchange for your first born, while others let you easy on the price but offer very little in credible services. Take, for instance, MBA admissions consultants. More than any other overseas degree, MBA aspirants are the most likely to avail the conveniencesRead MoreTaking a Look at the University of Oregon728 Words   |  3 PagesCollege Essay - University of Oregon The University of Oregon is located in Eugene, Oregon. 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This mission of the university is to offer students a small and independent community learning environmentRead MoreEssay On High Point University892 Words   |  4 Pagesinterest is in natural science involving biology but also math. My social interests is doing activities in the city in order to have a separation from campus life. The application for High Point University must be completed and submitted for admission on the electronic application or the common app but the universal college application is not accepted. For the University of North Carolina Pembroke you can apply online on their website. In High Point University out of 4,960 students admitted only 1,475Read MoreCost of Universities781 Words   |  4 Pagesuniversities is excluded from these extra expenditures. ï‚ § Students who want to apply to study in foreign universities may have to clear some tests to verifying their eligibility in order to study in the universities. ï‚ § Moreover, studying in foreign universities can be very costly too as students have to fork out for passport and visa charges, flight charges and so much more. Conclusion: Costs that are needed to study in local universities and foreign universities are difference. 2) Topic sentence:Read MoreSchool Profile : Crown College Essay1023 Words   |  5 Pagesreligious prayers, services, ministries and supportive program. Crown College maintains membership through the Council of Christian Colleges and Universities (CCCU), which includes more than 100 accredited educational institutions offer Christian faculty, administration and higher education programs. Around 20 percent of students are from 40 different countries. Local students who want to go abroad may participate in the Global Impact Team program that visit over 80 countries around the world. CrownRead MoreGraduation Speech : Alma College999 Words   |  4 Pageswill have opportunities to participate in special programs, like internships, study abroad semesters and research fellowships. Each student that is accepted is given up to $2,500 from the college. Alma College offers over 50 degree programs that include a wide range of majors. These include everything from dance to German to Integrative Psychology to New Media Studies. As an alternative to traditional majors, students may create their own Program of Emphasis (POE) that allows them to work one-on-oneRead MoreA Study On Norwich University Essay1087 Words   |  5 Pagesconnect with students to offer academic, study skills and social networking support. Norwich University does not employ teaching assistants, so instructors offer better quality classes. Norwich University’s student body is predominately made up of military personnel, veterans and family, but civilian students are completely integrated in the classrooms and in extracurricular activities. Civilian and pre-military students, such as those from the Corps of Cadets program, have separate residences. NorwichRead MoreThe Social And Physical Environment Of College Students831 Words   |  4 PagesIn the final months of the spring semester, high school seniors are working hard; filling out college applications, studying for the ACT, or submitting scholarship essays. Students spend copious amount of time on these tasks because they are ready and excited for their future. These young academics may be choosing an institution based on its research programs, athletics or study abroad opportunities. However, most of these students do not considered how this radical change in their social and physical

Does attachment theory provide a sound basis for advice...

Does the attachment theory provide a sound basis for advice on how to bring up children? To answer this question for advice to parents I will explore some of the details of the attachment theory showing, 1) earlier studies and more up to date criticisms, 2) how it proposes family members and day care can affect a child’s upbringing. Attachment is the bond that develops between caregiver and infant when it is about eight or nine months old, providing the child with emotional security. Meshing commences from when the child is being fed, onto taking part in pseudo-dialogue and then following on to the child taking part in a more active role of proto dialogue, illustrated by Kaye (1982), other concepts such as scaffolding and†¦show more content†¦Bowlby’s maternal deprivation theory (1951,1953)was enthused by the Konrad Lorenz’s(1966 ) imprinting study on young animals. He believed that like imprininting one permanent figure should be the caregiver and children deprived of those maternal links could be disastrous to the child’s mental health and could lead to delinquency. His views on long term institutional care were that if a child was fostered before the age of 2yrs and six months it may not be delayed in emotional, social and cognitive development but some of his studies show that there have been various forms of parting in youths with severe behavioural problems Attachment behaviour according to Mary Ainsworth (1985; Ainsworth and Bell, 1974; Ainsworth et al., 1978) forms the groundings for all potential associations and this develops up to two years after the child is born. She also harmonized with Bowlby on the view that the attachment bonding occurred within the age of two years old. Approximately when the child is seven months old they become wary of strangers and unknown surroundings. This continue until the child is about two years old. The procedure Ainsworth (1969) investigated to measure if a child was securely or insecurely attached was the ‘strange situation paradigm’. This entailed a sequence of short partings and reunions. The child’s parent and a stranger took part in theShow MoreRelatedCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pagesthat you can download or listen to online †¢ Video cases that show real managers talking about their own organisations †¢ Revision flashcards to help you prepare for your exa ms †¢ A multi-lingual online glossary to help explain key concepts †¢ Guidance on how to analyse a case study †¢ Links to relevant sites on the web so you can explore more about the organisations featured in the case studies †¢ Classic cases – over 30 case studies from previous editions of the book †¢ The Strategy Experience simulationRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesan OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/Counterpoint Lost in Translation? 31 Questions for Review 32 Experiential Exercise WorkforceRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesstudies The main text of this book includes 87 short illustrations and 15 case examples which have been chosen to enlarge speciï ¬ c issues in the text and/or provide practical examples of how business and public sector organisations are managing strategic issues. The case studies which follow allow the reader to extend this linking of theory and practice further by analysing the strategic issues of speciï ¬ c organisations in much greater depth – and often providing ‘solutions’ to some of the problemsRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesarena of business to come. NEW TO THIS EDITION In contrast to the early editions, which examined only notable mistakes, and based on your favorable comments about recent editions, I have again included some well-known successes. While mistakes provide valuable learning insights, we can also learn from successes and find nuggets by comparing the unsuccessful with the successful. With the addition of Google and Starbucks, we have moved Entrepreneurial Adventures up to the front of the book. WeRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pagesleft blank PREFACE Today’s private and public organizations are increasingly dependent on information technologies for achieving their strategic and operational objectives. Over the past decade alone, enterprise systems have been expanded to provide secure, electronic linkages with suppliers and customers, and the Internet has become a mainstream channel for communications and business transactions. As a result, decision making about information technology resources has also become even more

Cooperative learning Change of Leadership for Differentiated Education Free Essays

Concerted larning refers to work done by pupil squads bring forthing a merchandise of some kind ( such as a set of job solutions, a research lab or undertaking study, or the design of a merchandise or a procedure ) , under conditions that satisfy five standards: ( 1 ) positive mutuality, ( 2 ) single answerability, ( 3 ) face to confront interaction for at least portion of the work, ( 4 ) appropriate usage of interpersonal accomplishments, and ( 5 ) regular self-assessment of squad operation. Extensive research has shown that comparative to traditional single and competitory manners of direction, decently implemented concerted larning leads to greater acquisition and superior development of communicating and teamwork accomplishments ( e.g. We will write a custom essay sample on Cooperative learning Change of Leadership for Differentiated Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now leading, undertaking direction, and struggle declaration accomplishments ) . Gregory ( 2008 ) The technique has been used with considerable success in all scientific subjects, including chemical science. The benefits of concerted acquisition are non automatic, nevertheless, and if amiss implemented, the method can make considerable troubles for teachers, most notably dysfunctional squads and pupil opposition or ill will to group work. This paper offers a figure of suggestions for organizing squads, fulfilling the five specifying standards of concerted acquisition, and minimising the jobs. Harmonizing to Gregory ( 2008 ) Teachers who have ne’er used the attack are advised to travel into it bit by bit instead than trying a all-out execution on their first attempt, and to increase the degree of execution in subsequent class offerings. To an increasing extent, they should see the larning benefits promised by the research, and as their expertness and assurance in implementing the method continue to turn, pupil ratings of the squad experience should better at the same time. Most significantly, instructors who are successful in utilizing concerted acquisition in their categories will hold the satisfaction of cognizing that they have significantly helped fix their pupils for their professional callings. There are several grounds why concerted acquisition plants every bit good as it does. The thought that pupils learn more by making something active than by merely watching and listening has long been known to both cognitive psychologists and effectual instructors and concerted acquisition is by its nature an active method. Beyond that, cooperation enhances larning in several ways. Weak pupils working separately are likely to give up when they get stuck ; working hand in glove, they keep traveling. Strong pupils faced with the undertaking of explicating and clear uping stuff to weaker pupils frequently find spreads in their ain apprehension and make full them in. Students working entirely may be given to detain finishing assignments or jump them wholly, but when they know that others are numbering on them, they are motivated to make the work in a timely mode. The proved benefits of concerted acquisition notwithstanding, instructors who attempt it often encounter opposition and sometimes unfastened ill will from the pupils. Bright pupils complain about Begin held back by their slower teammates ; weak or unassertive pupils complain about being discounted or ignored in group Sessionss ; and bitternesss build when some squad members fail to draw their weight. Knowing and patient teachers find ways to cover with these jobs, but others become demoralized and revert to the traditional teacher-centered instructional paradigm, which is a loss both for them and for their pupils. Gregory ( 2008 ) However I believe concerted acquisition is more than merely inquiring pupil to acquire in a group and work on an assignment together. Most research workers and practicians of concerted larning emphasis that it is a formal instructional theoretical account in which instructors carefully design lessons and activities that are suited for usage by squads. These squads are little, stable, and heterogenous, and have been adequately prepared for working together. When utilizing squads in the schoolroom, I see faculty as holding to direct their attending to six different countries: climate-setting ; squad formation ; teambuilding ; concerted accomplishments development ; lesson design ; and classroom direction. Climate Setting While many of my pupils are enthused about the chance to larn with and from their equals, it is non uncommon for me to meet pupils who are loath to take part in any kind of group activities. So, how does one take a category of pupils whose feelings about concerted acquisition scope from love through indifference to downright ill will and turn them into a community of scholars? The first ( but by no means the merely ) measure is to work on making a category clime that encourages cooperation. My suggestions include: aˆ? Communicate clear outlooks to pupils about Cooperative acquisition on the first twenty-four hours of category. I recommend that you inform pupils that you plan to utilize concerted acquisition, why you use it, and what it means to them. Will they be graded on category engagement? What happens if they come to category unprepared? It ‘s peculiarly of import to allow pupils cognize about your policies on group classs. It ‘s besides a good thought to admit that some people would prefer to work entirely, and to indicate out the activities and assignments they ‘ll be working on independently. aˆ? Problem Sets Students complete some or most of their prep assignments in squads. The squads are encouraged to include merely the names of existent participants on the solution set that they manus in. The pupils are ab initio disinclined to go forth anyone ‘s name away, but finally they get tired of allowing nonparticipants ( â€Å" hitchhikers, † in concerted acquisition idiom ) acquire good classs for work they did n’t make and get down to exclude names, at which point many hitchhikers-unhappy about acquiring nothings on assignments-start cooperating. The squad gets a class for the assignment, but finally the public presentation of each squad member should be assessed and the consequences used to set the mean squad prep class individually for each squad member. In decision there are many route blocks that may happen throughout the journey to cooperative acquisition. Not all pupils take their duties earnestly plenty. Many feel that their slack will be picked up by the others in the group. Some pupils may be excessively strong of leaders and smother the parts of the other members of the squad. Conflict is a natural byproduct of cooperation. When pupils are asked to work together, it is with the purpose that they will each supply a differing position and or sentiment. When differing sentiments are joined together to make one merchandise, struggle is certain to originate. Conflict can be a really healthy springboard to larning. When pupils dialogue and debate their sentiments they might reenforce their thoughts or disregard them. The ability to listen and be flexible to new positions is perfectly indispensable to the success of a group. Delegating functions may besides assist to ease the instability of attempt. The pupils who do n’t lend adequate attempt should foremost be encouraged by their groups. If this proves unsuccessful, the teacher should step in and mediate. It is perfectly unjust to penalize a group for the ineffectualness of one member. Students should make everything possible to stay a concerted and cohesive unit, but if all efforts fail they should be allowed a opportunity to reconstruct a new unit. It should besides ne’er be the duty of the strongest member of the squad to transport the others. Teachers can non presume that all group struggles should be resolved entirely. Classroom mold of effectual group work and role-playing of struggle state of affairss should be directed by the instructor. However many old ages of research and legion surveies can non be denied concerted acquisition is an effectual method for understanding and retaining information. Industry experts can non be ignored when they province that being able to work efficaciously in a squad is an imperative accomplishment. Concerted acquisition is non a replacing for the schoolroom instructor. It is intended to complement the direct direction by doing pupils to be confident minds and active scholars. How to cite Cooperative learning Change of Leadership for Differentiated Education, Essay examples

Enterprise Computing In Terms of Java EE and .NET

Question: Describe about the Enterprise Computing In Terms of Java EE and .NET . Answer: Introduction: Enterprise computing can be referred to as the mission-critical systems. The business of an organization relies on these systems. In addition to that, a database is incorporated in the system. It is required to understand the meaning of the enterprise as most of the technical products in the market are getting marketed as enterprise, buzzword (Pal et al. 2014). The shared solution to the business is provided through the enterprise computing. In this report the compression of Java EE and .NET will be carried out as layered and component-based model. Theo whole report is based on the analysis of Java EE and .NET. Comparison between Java EE and .NET: Comparison as Layered model: Advantages of Layered Design: Java EE: The scalability increases. This is because of its capacity of numerous level organization and the level decoupling it brought. For instance, the information level can be scaled up by database grouping without different levels including. The web customer side can be scaled up by burden balancer effectively without influencing different levels (Liu and Shen 2015). Windows server can be bunched effortlessly for burden adjusting and failover. What's more, business level server can likewise be grouped to scale up the application, for example, Weblogic bunch in J2EE (Basanta and Garca 2014). Better adaptation to internal failure capacity, taken as an example, the databases in information layer can be bunched for failover or burden equalization reason without influencing different layers (Liu and Shen 2015). .Net: In a Layered design programmers isolate the UI as of the business foundation as the developerll as the business foundation from the information admittance basis. Separation of worries amongst these reasonable sections and layers is fluently accomplished through the support of covered production (Esposito 2015). For instance on the off chance which the developer require a windows UI because different to the developer program interface, this be supposed to be probable within a straightforward and rapid way by merely displacing the user interface aspect (He, Yan and Da 2014). The different sections resembling business foundation, information way in and the database carry on as previous way. Component of Individual layers and Their Functions: Java EE: in two-tier architecture the components are client and server. Server provides the database and logics to client for accessing the application. In three-tier architecture there is an additional component called middle tier. This tier holds the business rules (Liu and Shen 2015). In N-tier architecture the client is connected to application server which provides access to the data base. In terms of web application, the web server is installed betthe developeren application server and database (Ji et al. 2014). .NET: Within presentation layer the tow kind of entities are user interface and user interface process. Within business layer the components are business workflows, business entities and service interfaces (Yingxia and Zimian 2014). In terms of data layer the components are data access entities, foundation services and service gateways. Comparisons like Component-Based Form: Parts of the Platforms: Java EE: The EJB or Enterprise Java Beans was developed using the outset. It is because for supporting the entities from various vendors. EJB parts can be written without knowing the environment in which they will be utilized (Jendrock et al. 2014). Applications in view of EJB parts are freely coupled: Loosely coupled frameworks are less demanding to test and keep up and components of an approximately coupled framework are simpler to reuse. Figure 1: Components of Java EE (Source: Willnecker et al. 2015, pp-103) The characteristics of the Java EE components are first, encapsulation through container, location simplicity, distributable component interactions are supported and naming system is used for obtaining the component references (Jendrock et al. 2014). .NET: The System.ComponentModel namespaces contain sorts that execute the run-time and plan time conduct of segments and controls." The usefulness the organizationgive could be anything. What the ComponentModel gives is metadata and the result is that the organizationcan outline segments that can be utilized as a part of the visual planner (Souza 2012). Subsequently: public interface IDesigner : IDisposable { IComponent Component {get;} DesignerVerbCollection Verbs {get;} void DoDefaultAction(); void Initialize(IComponent component); } The namespace likewise gives the TypeDescriptor/Convertor stuff, again usable for configuration time access to properties (Sorokin 2015). Specifying Component Behaviors: Java EE: Java EE epitomizes parts in compartments that provide life-cycle administration, isolate segments from different parts and isolate segments from the runtime environment (Hoorn et al. 2012). Figure 2: Java EE Component Interaction (Source: Gupta et al. 2012, pp-12) In terms of the distributed and local entity interactions, the engineer indicates whether a collaboration is to be neighborhood or distributable. In terms of local, the application server makes segments accessible to each other in the same JVM machine (Hoorn et al. 2012). On the other hand regarding distributable, the application server gives a RMI base by which segments convey. Both systems have related expenses and advantages. The RMI framework must have the capacity to deal with the taking after configuration issues marshaling and unmarshalling of contentions and return values, passing circulated special cases and passing security setting and exchange connection. Figure 3: Calling Conventions among Local and Distributable Components (Source: Gupta et al. 2012, pp-13) .NET: Name Description System.ComponentModel System.ComponentModel namespace gives classes that are utilized to actualize the run-time and plan time conduct of parts and controls (Takala 2013). This namespace incorporates the base classes and interfaces for actualizing traits and sort converters, official to information sources, and permitting parts. System.ComponentModel.Composition Gives classes that constitute the center of the Managed Extensibility Framework, or MEF. System.ComponentModel.Composition.Hosting System.ComponentModel.Composition.Hosting gives Managed Extensibility Framework (MEF) sorts that are helpful to engineers of extensible applications, or hosts (Highina et al. 2014). System.ComponentModel.Composition.Primitives System.ComponentModel.Composition.Primitives gives the primitive sorts hidden the MEF programming model. Runtime Structure: Runtime Foundation: Java EE: The Java compiler, part of the Java Development Kit (JDK) deciphers the code composed by the designer into stage autonomous Java "bytecode". The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) makes an interpretation of Java bytecode into directions conceivable to the fundamental working framework. On the off chance that the Java class libraries and a JVM are available on a PC, the machine is said to convey a Java Runtime Environment (JRE) (Stark, Schmid and Borger 2012). Cutting edge JRE's incorporate more than simply the JVM, such a Just-In-Time compilers and byte code verifiers. .NET: The Common Language Runtime or CLR is a superior motor for running applications manufactured utilizing the .NET Framework. Code that objectives the runtime and whose execution is overseen by the runtime is alluded to as oversaw code. Duty regarding errands, for example, making objects, making technique calls, thus on is designated to the CLR which empothe developerrs it to give extra administrations to the code as it executes (Erickson 2013). While the part is running, the CLR gives administrations, for example, memory administration (counting rubbish accumulation), process administration, string administration, and security implementationand fulfills any conditions that the segment may have on different segments. Services Provided by Runtime Foundations: Java EE: Platform Services Components of Services Java Virtual Machine or JVM High Quality GC 1. Parallel, Collection and Concurrent 2. Low whole allocation price High Quality Machine Code Generation 1. Two JITs, Profiling and JIT'd Code Management 2. Bytecode cost model Uniform Threading Memory Model Locks (synchronization), wait, notify and volatile (Stark, Schmid and Borger 2012) Type Safety Dynamic Code Loading Class loading, re-JIT'ing and Deoptimization Quick high-quality Time Access System.currentTimeMillis Internal introspection services Reflection, JVMDI/JVMPI, JNI, Agents and JVMTI .NET: Platform Services Description CLR or Common Language Runtime Type Safety Is alluded as the specifically highlight. It permits to get to memory just in approved ways ensures that it is inside the limits. It guarantees that code can't perform operations that are invalid for an article. Managed Code execution It is the procedure took after by the CLR from stacking MSIL, changing over it into machine code, memory administration. Overseen code execution additionally handles JIT assemblage, handles special cases, and affirms sort the developerllbeing and security issues (Erickson 2013). Side-by-side execution Gives a chance to execute numerous renditions of an application or segment on one PC. It permits the execution of different forms of CLR and numerous renditions of utilization executing in the meantime on the same PC. Benefits of the Services: High quality GC: The cycles within the object graphs can be managed with more efficiency. The operations of the garbage collector become quicker. High Quality Machine Code Generation: The profiling of the information which is only available at time of runtime can be made more sufficient (Stark, Schmid and Borger 2012). Type Safety: The validation of the types of the variable will be more effective and accurate. Managed Code execution: It provide benefits by providing services such as memory management, exception handling, thread management, garbage collection and safety. Side-by-side execution: Through this the system can be running various versions of the application within the same system (Erickson 2013). Support Module Deployment and Packaging: Java EE: Java EE software is expressed within a JAR or Java Archive testimony, a WAR or Web Archive document, or an EAR or Enterprise Archive document. An EAR or WAR record is a standard JAR, .container, document through a .ear or .war development. Utilizing EAR, WAR, and JAR modules and records creates it believable to accumulate various distinctive Java EE applications utilizing a portion of the similar sections (Jendrock et al. 2014). No extra coding is necessary; it just requires a process of collecting or bundling diverse Java EE components into Java EE, WAR, EAR or JAR records. Figure 4: Framework of EAR File (Source: Highina et al. 2014, pp-15) The two sorts of distribution identification are runtime and Java EE. Java EE organization identification is distinguished by Java EE specific and is utilized for arranging distribution settings on some Java EE-agreeable practice. A runtime distribution descriptor is used for designing Java EE execution particular limitations. .NET: To start with, the organizationwill investigate the most straightforward .NET Framework application, the customary Hello World system, written in Visual C# and talked about in point of interest in the instructional exercise, Introduction to Developing with the .NET Framework. Figure 5: Hello world Subdirectory C# Source Code (Source: He, Yan and Xu 2014, pp-1589) This stand-alone, executable project composes a solitary line to System.Console, which is a sort contained in the .NET Framework class library. The system does not reference whatever other libraries and does not itself create a library. Giving advantageous access to sorts in the .NET Framework class library requires the utilizing articulation: Likewise, the system characterizes a class to encase the application code: class MainApp { At long last, the system characterizes the Main technique to give the section point to the code: public static void Main () { Build.bat contains the accompanying single line, which is all that is important to order this little program: csc.exe /debug+ Hello.cs (Hu and Zhang 2014). Enterprise application integration: Supporting B2B through Soad and Mda Methods for Both J2EE and .NET: This reconciliation technique gives arrangement of ideas expected to demonstrate the two viewpoints. Ideas identified through business point of view explain the placed in components in industry and are said to by model of CIM by BPM or Business Process Model (Santos et al. 2013). Ideas identified with framework point of view are components used to portray usefulness and framework preparing, and are spoken to in PSM and PIM structure, Interface Web Service Model, Composite Application Model, by Use Case Model, Service Model, Component Model, Process Execution Model and Service Process Model (Utomo 2013). SOA is a product design planned taking into account administration situated configuration standards while administration introduction is an idea in programming building that speaks to various ways to deal with partitioned interest. The main feature of the proposed method is that it utilizes SOA regarding the execution of structure and in terms of the development of joining phase (Santos et al. 2013). It characterizes a service oriented proposition regarding the improvement of information systems in sharing rules to build ISs construct only in light of administrations, utilizing them as top notch objects for the entire procedure of the IS improvement. This methodology encourages the improvement of administration arranged applications and in addition their usage utilizing current innovations, for example, Web administrations, BPEL and ESB (Utomo 2013). Connection to the Legacy Business Systems: Java EE: The connection to the system is provided through HTTP request management, session handling, supporting transaction connectivity to other systems, authentication, access control and validation of HTTP request parameter (Curry 2012). .NET: This plat form provides support to the connection to the legacy system through message bus, component maintenance activity, query inventory database and service-to-service integration (Herzig et al. 2012). Pros and Cons of Two Platform: In Terms of Technology: Numerous substantial organizations have existing applications written in assortment of dialects, for example, COBOL, C++, SAP, and Siebel. This sort of legacy combination is a standout amongst the most difficult errands to beat when building web administration J2EE offers a few approaches to accomplish legacy incorporation: Using JMS to coordinate with existing informing frameworks (Waqar, Luders and Lundqvist 2013) Using Web administrations to incorporate with any framework Using CORBA for interfacing with code written in different dialects JNI for stacking local libraries and calling locally .NET offers the Host Integration Server 2000 for crossing over to information and applications on centralized server legacy frameworks, BizTalk Server 2002 to manufacture XML-based business process crosswise over applications and associations (Bai et al. 2013). In terms of Portability: J2EE has supreme preferred standpoint in this field in light of the fact that the JVM or JRE, on which J2EE is supported, is available on any phase. Another cause is that J2EE is a regular, thus it bolsters an assortment of usage, taken as an example, BEA, IBM, and Sun. To assurance the movement of J2EE, Sun has manufactured a J2EE similarity test suite (Waqar, Luders and Lundqvist 2013). Any organizations J2EE arrangement end the analysis will acquire an authorization from Sun. Conversely, .NET just keeps running on Windows, its upheld equipment, and the .NET environment. Today there a few undertakings, for example, "Mono", attempt to assemble Linux and crossplatform applications taking into account ECMA 334/335, which is the details for C# and a subset of the .NET system (CLI-normal dialect framework) put together by Microsoft. The reason for these tasks is attempting to enhance the versatility of .NET (Bai et al. 2013). In Terms of Tools: On .NET stage, Visual Studio.NET is the most effective improvement apparatuses for .NET creating. It gives an incorporated creating environment, a simple use GUI interface what's more, heaps of creating parts. Java is the main dialect support on J2EE stage (Waqar, Luders and Lundqvist 2013). Different dialects can be crossed over into J2EE stage through CORBA, web administrations, JNI, or JCA. Be that as it may, these dialects can't be blended with Java Code. Conclusion: From the above study it can be concluded that both the Java EE and .NET are crucial to the implementation, development and integration of various enterprise systems. Both phases provide advancements which authorize a talented designer for constructing superiority undertaking applications. As per several cases, a modernism is every so often chosen taking into account implementation alone. Microsoft equipments have an advantage over Java in terms of developing software which needs great graphical user interfaces and which express substance to web curriculums. The identification is that Java servers are more reliable option regarding composite applications underneath higher quantities of users. Take into account the present modernism scene of organizations and the focused capabilities of organizations personnel. It is because supplanting existing framework and preparing engineers is excessively expensive. Java, along with its several-phase adaptability, provides the organizations influe nce to whichever arrange with a present seller or choose the merchant of organizations preference. As said over, Java's quality lies in libraries created by different outsider sellers. In addition to that, a variety of libraries and controls are presenting accessible for .NET. In addition to that, the collective expenditure of constructing, keeping up and conveying the application is also present. In conclusion, the phase for choosing depends upon organizations situations and the requirements of organizations system. References: Bai, K., Ge, N., Jamjoom, H., Jan, E.E., Renganarayana, L. and Zhang, X., 2013. What to discover before migrating to the cloud. In2013 IFIP/IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network Management (IM 2013)(pp. 320-327). IEEE. Basanta-Val, P. and Garca-Valls, M., 2014. A distributed real-time java-centric architecture for industrial systems.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,10(1), pp.27-34. Curry, E., 2012. System of systems information interoperability using a linked dataspace. InSystem of Systems Engineering (SoSE), 2012 7th International Conference on(pp. 101-106). IEEE. de Souza, C.R., 2012. A Tutorial on Principal Component Analysis with the Accord. NET Framework.arXiv preprint arXiv:1210.7463. Erickson, D., 2013. The beacon openflow controller. InProceedings of the second ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Hot topics in software defined networking(pp. 13-18). ACM. Esposito, A., 2015.Learning. NET High-performance Programming. Packt Publishing Ltd. Gupta, P., Mata-Toledo, R. and Monger, M., 2012. Utilizing ASP. NET MVC in web development courses.Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges,27(3), pp.10-14. He, W., Yan, G. and Da Xu, L., 2014. Developing vehicular data cloud services in the IoT environment.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,10(2), pp.1587-1595. Herzig, P., Ameling, M. and Schill, A., 2012. A generic platform for enterprise gamification. InSoftware Architecture (WICSA) and European Conference on Software Architecture (ECSA), 2012 Joint Working IEEE/IFIP Conference on(pp. 219-223). IEEE. Highina, B.K., Bugaje, I.M. and Nglala, G.M., 2014. Development of Continuous Oscillatory Baffled Reactor Arrangement for Biodiesel Production from Jatropha oil.World,1(1), pp.1-19. Hu, S. and Zhang, Y., 2014. Design and Implementation of Fast Entry System for Equipment Downtime Information Based on .NET MVC Framework. In2014 International Conference on Information, Business and Education Technology (ICIBET 2014). Atlantis Press. Jendrock, E., Cervera-Navarro, R., Evans, I., Haase, K. and Markito, W., 2014. The Java EE 7 Tutorial, Release 7 for Java EE Platform E39031-01. Ji, Z., Ganchev, I., O'Droma, M. and Ding, T., 2014. A Distributed Redis Framework for Use in the UCWW. InCyber-Enabled Distributed Computing and Knowledge Discovery (CyberC), 2014 International Conference on(pp. 241-244). IEEE. Liu, X. and Shen, J., 2015. Design of Online Examination System Based on Java EE. Pal, P., Atighetchi, M., Soule, N., Ishakian, V., Loyall, J., Grant, R. and Sinclair, A., 2014. Secure and QoS-Managed Information Exchange Between Enterprise and Constrained Environments. In2014 IEEE 17th International Symposium on Object/Component/Service-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing(pp. 141-149). IEEE. Santos, N., Duarte, F.J., Machado, R.J. and Fernandes, J.M., 2013. A Transformation of Business Process Models into Software-Executable Models Using MDA. InInternational Conference on Software Quality(pp. 147-167). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Sorokin, D.E., 2015. Aivika 3 User Guide: Version for .NET Framework and Mono. Stark, R.F., Schmid, J. and Borger, E., 2012.Java and the Java virtual machine: definition, verification, validation. Springer Science Business Media. Takala, K., 2013. Innovative Human-computer Interactions to Support Cognitive Collaborative Geospatial Environments. Utomo, W.H., 2013. Integration of SME, Industry and Government through Public Infrastructure of SOA and Cloud Computing.Information Technology Journal,12(4), p.594. Van Hoorn, A., Waller, J. and Hasselbring, W., 2012. Kieker: A framework for application performance monitoring and dynamic software analysis. InProceedings of the 3rd ACM/SPEC International Conference on Performance Engineering(pp. 247-248). ACM. Waqar, H.U., Luders, F. and Lundqvist, K., 2013. Comparison between .NET and Java EE Implementation of Cash Bank System. Willnecker, F., Brunnert, A., Gottesheim, W. and Krcmar, H., 2015. Using dynatrace monitoring data for generating performance models of java EE applications. InProceedings of the 6th ACM/SPEC International Conference on Performance Engineering(pp. 103-104). ACM. Yingxia, L. and Zimian, H., 2014. A web-based test system using ASP .NET and AJAX.

In A Separate Peace By John Knowels, The Value Of Dealing With Your Fe

In A Separate Peace by John Knowels, the value of dealing with your feelings and dealing with your enemies is shown by Gene Forester, a student in Devon during World War 2 dealing with few human enemies, but his emotions create a circumstance far greater than any human enemy. I never killed anybody, Gene had commented later in his adulthood, And I never developed an intense level of hatred for the enemy Gene had put many enemies into his own life. Gene had a best friend, his name was Finny, they were roommates and did many activities together. Finny was never the source, but the core of most of Gene's feelings, both good and bad. First, one of the biggest problems that Gene had, that is jealousy. Gene was jealous of Finny's confidency, openness, modesty, superb athletic abilities, his natural leadership skills, his ability to deal with stress easily, his care free attitude, his people skills and, of course, his good looks. Early in the story Finny demonstrated his openness by when asked for his height, he said 5 foot, 8? inches, while Gene replies 5 foot, 9 inches. Finny pointed out that they were the same height and you shouldn't be ashamed to tell anybody your real height. Later that day, they skip dinner to go swimming in the river, by Finny's choice, and are asked where they were on return. Finny quickly replied that they were swimming in the river, something that is forbidden, right down to the last detail, and they got away with it. Gene said that the rules are very bent during the summer session, but it was actually Finny's people skills that had kept them out of trouble. Finny was very bold, as Gene many a time wished he was, on one occasion Finny wore a bright pink shirt symbolizing the first U.S. bombing in Europe. Gene called him a faerie but really envied him. Later Finny wore the school tie as a belt and when questioned he claimed that it represented Devon in the war. Gene was hopeingly aw aiting a scolding for Finny, but again, he got in no trouble. Another day the two were walking and came across a plaque near the pool claiming that A. Hopkins Parker held the record for swimming across the pool the fastest, Finny took one look at and thought he could beat it, so without any practice at all he plunged into the pool, Gene timed him and he beat it, just like that. Gene wanted to get an official scorekeeper so Finny could get a plaque but Finny said no, in my head I know that I did it, that's all that matters, thus demonstrating that Finny is very modest and secure. The next day Gene and Finny went to the beach, which wasn't allowed. This was done at Finny's request, Gene was going to study for a test, but he felt that he can't say no to Finny so hey went. At the beach Gene noticed a lot of people looking at them, he knew they were looking at Finny because of his well built body and his golden tan but Finny said that they were looking at Gene. Before they return, Finny calls Gene his best pal and Gene wanted to reply, but he wasn't sure about it himself and he also has a hard time expressing his true feelings. Another problem I could detect in Gene, was his anger. Gene was angry about Finny's ability not to get in trouble, and Gene's unwillingness to say no to Finny, but the real war started when he got the idea that because Finny has low grades, he wanted to lower Gene's grades as well so he will better than Gene. Gene believed that Finny was trying to wreak his studies with games, an organization they had formed-the Secret Suicide Society, going to the beach and all this you're my best friend stuff. Other than that, there is little anger between Finny and Gene. One day, Finny wanted Gene to come jump off a high limb into the river with him, as they have been doing for several weeks now, and he claimed that Leper, the school nerd, would

Journey Creative Writing Essay Example

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Take the letter with me and whilst I’m over there I should just pop in and trace back on who it is. The letter has a lot of information and stories about my family and the writer keeps apologising for not being there for me when I was little.I wonder if it’s a family member. Who could it be and why would I only just receive it now? I have to go visit them in France; I want to know who it is! As I said I have to make the most of my last few months so I might as well do what my heart is telling me. Well it’s time we make our way to the Sydney airport ready to fly out to Spain. The kids are so excited but curious as to why we are travelling; just like I’m curious to track down this letter. Hours and hours have passed and we have arrived in Spain, it looks so amazing here!I can’t wait to explore†¦ this is the best idea I’ve had in a long time. A taxi took us to our luxury hotel and we got settled in then it was time to hit the streets to look around. We are staying here for a week then we are moving off to France. The weather is beautiful, just like a hot summer’s day. I could get use to this. The kids just want to go shopping so perhaps we should take them down to wander the little shops on the streets. After days of shopping, swimming in lovely temperature water and just relaxing on luxurious holiday it was time to move on to our next destination; France.This is what I have been waiting for, for the past week. My husband keeps asking me if I think it’s the right thing to do but my hearts keeps telling me to go for it; to find out this mystery person. If it were him that received the letter he would want to do the exact same thing, but he just doesn’t understand how I feel, how much I want to know who this long lost person is before it’s my time to leave everyone. It’s kind of scary knowing that I haven’t got long to live and I want to go home with something special to remember; to shut my eyes to.Once again, after hours and hours we have arrived in France; I’m starting to get butterflies in my stomach, why? I think it’s because I am nervous to track down this letter†¦ now I’m getting second thoughts†¦ should I still do what my heart is telling me to do? I can’t see any harm in just going to this address and finding out who it is then just sit down with a cup of tea and talk about the letter. It wouldn’t do any harm would it? My husband seems to think I shouldn’t just rock up on their doorstep but how else would I contact them.They didn’t leave a number or a name. They just left their address and details on where they live, so maybe they will eventually be expecting me†¦ Tomorrow I will do it but for today I will just settle in and share some special time with my family as I have no time to waste. The language here is so different, not many people speak English†¦ we can hardly understand a word everyone is saying. Luckily the kid’s study French as a language at their school and pick up a few things people are saying to us. The kids are loving all the different meals to the ones we eat at home.All this is just an eye opener to them. I’m glad I brought them here to enjoy some amazing places with me in my last months with them. Anyways, back to the hotel we go, to enjoy a relaxing dinner together and to head to bed to get some sleep for an adventurous day coming our way. Woke up the next morning†¦ so excited†¦ but so†¦ so nervous. My heart is still telling me to go for it. We went down and hired a car for the rest of the time we will be staying here just so we didn’t have to catch taxis everywhere and then off we went to this address written on the letter.As we were driving up their driveway I could see a very old, fragile lady raking the leaves away from the porch. Could it be her? Maybe she wrote the letter. I got out of the car and started walking towards her, then her little voice yelled out hello my dear, can I help you? . I replied to her telling her I had some questions to ask so she invited me in for a coffee even though we were complete strangers to each other. I then got straight to it and asked her about the letter. She told me she was expecting this day to come very soon but I asked why?She said, the letter in your hand was written by your grandmother, she use to live here in this house but she asked me if this day ever came if I could pass this message on to you and tell you how she is now safe up in heaven looking over every move you make†¦ in the letter the reason she apologises to you a lot is because she didn’t give you the care you needed when you were a little girl; when your mum wasn’t there to give you the help you needed†¦ I interrupted and asked her what happened to my mum.She then went on, when you were very young, your mum was killed in a car accident but you were too little to understand. You would always tell your grandmother that you didn’t need her help because your mum would be back from her holiday and be with you soon and every time she tried to help you, you pushed her away. Anyway, that is enough of that†¦ she left some family treasures here with me and asked me to pass them on to you on this very day. Take them back home with you and keep them very safe, pass them down through the family so they will always be treasured as a family token.Thank you for making the decision to come now you have a gift of the family to keep in your heart. This was such a surprise to me; I didn’t know what to say. How could I do that to my grandmother? I didn’t even give her the chance to help bring me up as a child. Oh well, I suppose I can’t take back time and change things now. Now that that’s over and done with I feel so special inside and now I can go enjoy the rest of my time with my wonderful family in such an amazing place.We enjoyed every day for the rest of our holiday as if there were no tomorrow and it was just great knowing we were together as a family. But time went so fast and it was time to go back home, you know what they all say time goes fast when you’re having fun’. We made our way back home after a very long plane trip and some car travelling, but once we got there, it felt so good to be home. We all sat at the dinner table together and Molly asked, mum, why did we go on that trip? What was it for? .I told her what was wrong with me; sweetheart mummy is really sick, I didn’t know how to tell you guys before but now I know it’s the right thing to do, any day now mummy can just not wake up, but you guys will be okay because you will have daddy here to look after you. Mummy will be up there with her mum and grandmother and the rest of our family looking over you and guiding you through your journey of growing up. I will always be in your hearts and in your minds and no matter what I will always love you! . The kids didn’t know what to say, it was such as surprise. They all got up and hugged me as we all shed some tears.I told them everything was going to be okay and that one day we would meet again! It was one of the hardest things I have had to do, it broke my heart seeing them so upset, but I know my husband will have it all under control. We all went to bed, I tucked in my kids and told them a story that I use to tell them when they were little to put them to sleep every night. Then it was my turn†¦ I put my head on my pillow. Knowing I had come home with a gift of life, and knowing that when it’s time, I will just be reunited with my mum. I laid there†¦ and shut my eyes for the very last time†¦

Being Unionized or Union-Free ( just paraphrase ) Human Resource Class Essay

Being Unionized or Union-Free ( just paraphrase ) Human Resource Class - Essay Example ith employees, education of employees and management, hiring and promotion policies, quality working conditions, resolving of complaints efficiently and teamwork (Maille, 2009). To be able to remain union free for a long time a company should in the course of production ensure that wages of employees in the same lines of production is analyzed, so as to allow the company to make relevant adjustments in meeting its employees demands. The wages and other compensation can be increased after making the necessary analysis. These benefits will work as a great boon and will help in motivating the employees who will start working effectively after realizing the fact that the company has done a great deal to help them. The internal system should also be analyzed by a company, it includes salary and wage rates in order to determine the exact amount of compensation and wage to be given to different individuals holding various positions, and the varied lengths of service in the company, as it may not be realistic to pay a similar compensation to a new employee as compared to an old employee. If there is any disparity which cannot be explained then an evaluation should be done in order to come up with a fair solution. Employees have quite a few concerns these days and it is very important for a company to address these problems. The management and the employees should interact more often so that the communication becomes crystal clear, it is very important to have a good communication system in place. Some ways of making communication better are door to door policies, suggestion boxes, bulletin boards, job orientation, forms which communicate to the employee benefits and company events like holiday parties and therefore making the employer to know the needs of the employees. After the communication the company is able to act according to the views from its staff and hence make the required changes (Richard, 2008). Educating the employees is essential for a company; the union

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BRIEFING REPORT TO THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR ENERGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE ON FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN THE PREPARATION OF A NEW ENERGY BILL FOR THE UK - Coursework Example The only problem is that, this perspective of price reduction fails to reach the extreme end that is expected by most people [1]. After the substantial falling of the wholesale gas prices in the course of the year 2014 as well as the oil prices in the time frame of just 6 months, they logically desired for a bigger drop with regards to their energy prices. When various suppliers however announced of the subsequent price cuts, all of them were almost at the single digit reductions. The bill prices often take time to fall to more appropriate prices due to various outstanding reasons. First and for most, the natural gas’s cost does not essentially have any link to the oil prices. The other factor is that, the gas’s wholesale price is part and parcel of the bill’s segment. For instance, the gas that most individuals are using up-to-date was probably not bought at the current wholesale prices. This is to mean that constant variations tend to occur when it comes to this matter of energy bills.   The secretary of state should also bear in mind that there are various undertakings or make ups when it comes to the aspect of energy bills (either electricity or gas bills). According to the British Gas, Around 42% of an individual’s bill is determined by the energy’s wholesale prices [3]. This is the entire gas and electricity cost that is mutually bought by the British Gas on wholesale unit.   It is also worth to bear that while gas prices falls by almost a third of the total value, electricity has rarely fallen. The next chunk of the gas bill that is approximated to be at around 27% encompasses the total network costs. They are the wires and pipes that bring the electricity and gas home. They are usually owned by a number of distribution companies including the National Grid, which often charge people a substantial amount for their usage. The charged fee is usually overseen by a body known as Ofgem, which is taken as the ultimate regulatory unit, and has

Marketing and Operations Management in Philips Electronics Assignment

Marketing and Operations Management in Philips Electronics - Assignment Example Operations Management Part 14 Critical Evaluation of the Operations Management Strategy of Phillips 15 Operations Management Performance Objectives 15 Order Qualifiers and Order Winners of Philips 17 Contribution Made By Operations Management 18 Recommendations/Solutions to the Company 19 References 20 Overview of the Company Royal Philips Electronics is a Dutch multinational company with its main branch in Amsterdam. The three main divisions of the company are Philips Consumer Lifestyle, Philips Healthcare and Philips Lighting. According to the statistics obtained in the 2012, it can be mentioned that Philips is one of the biggest producers of electronic products in the globe (Philips, 2012). The paper is divided into two parts. They are marketing activities of Philips and operations management of Philips. The marketing part of the paper attempts to identify the external environment of Philips and to evaluate the marketing strategy followed by the company. The study further endeavours to analyse various marketing tools used for the marketing of the products of Philips. The paper thus offers suggestions to the company regarding ways through which it can improve marketing activities. Furthermore, the operations management part of the study tries to critically evaluate the operations management strategy of Philips. It attempts to analyse the operations management performance objectives. ... The main political factors impacting the activity of the organisation are employment laws, policy stability, tax policy and environmental regulations. It can be stated that in most of the countries of European Union there has been major alterations in the employment law. It is noted that most of the countries are quite concerned with the environment and are making an attempt to reduce pollution. In such cases, Philips, being a large producer of electronic products, might need to focus largely upon providing environmentally friendly consumer goods to maintain its sustainability (Export Gov, 2012). The United Kingdom is the seventh major economy in the world and the third biggest economy in the European Union. With quite a few trade obstacles, the United Kingdom is the entry market into the European Union for nearly 41000 US exporters. This proves to be quite beneficial for Philips (Export Gov, 2012). The social and the cultural impact on business alter from one country to the other co untry and from one region to the other region. Philips has its operations in numerous countries and it is because of this reason that the company needs to operate in vast and diverse socio-cultural arenas with workforce belonging to varied cultures. It is quite significant for Philips to adjust themselves with these alterations in terms of customer expectations from region to region and be capable of catering to their needs and requirements. Most of the people belonging to the developed nations pay due attention towards the culture of a company. Philips can be considered as an ethical company who pays due consideration towards the needs and the wants of the customers (Export Gov, 2012). Philips is quite dependent upon the constantly altering technological up-gradations that are

Bipedal Hominid and Quadrupedal Apes: Muscle and Skeletons

Bipedal Hominid and Quadrupedal Apes: Muscle and Skeletons Differences between the hip skeleton and musculature of bipedal hominid and quadrupedal apes. Ilium Humans: Reduced height, relative wideness (it is important in bipedal posture, because the weight of the body does not concentrate onto the spinal cord only). Orientation of blade (the curvature and the mediolateral orientation of the iliac blades help the Glutei medius and minimi to act as abductors and they can also assist in support of the trunk. This curved shape also helps in balancing the upper body during locomotion, because the external and internal oblique muscles attach to the iliac crest). Acetabular margin and the well-developed anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) reflects the bipedal locomotion. Rectus femoris takes its origin here, that extends the leg at the knee. Rectus femoris is very important in some of the leaping and clinging prosimians, as the galagos and lemurs, because Rectus femoris is a leaping muscle in them. Nevertheless, in apes, there is no large AIIS. AIIS is also a place for the iliofemoral ligament in humans that prevents the hip joint from overextending. Apes: There is no S-shaped curve visible at the iliac crest and the crest projects laterally. Therefore, the iliac fossa orients anteriorly and the gluteal surface projects posteriorly. This orientation keeps the trunk in an upright position during sitting or squatting. In case if they want to walk bipedally, the Glutei medius and minumi muscles medially rotate the flexed thigh at the hip while in humans they abduct the extended thigh. The long iliac crest is an adaptation to climbing. Latissimus dorsi origins from here and inserts into the humerus. Because this is one of the most important climbing-muscles, the longer the iliac crest is, the better aid is in climbing. The auricular surface and the iliac tuberosity are smaller in apes. It is mainly because of the fact that their weight does not focus on their pelvic region and lower limbs (hind limbs). Ischium Humans: Ischial tuberosity is an attachment for the hamstring muscles (Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus and Adductor magnus hamstring part). At a superior pressure during the bipedal posture, the posterior part of the sacrum elevates, and pulls upwards the ischial tuberosity. The ischial tuberosity which is located just below the great sciatic notch reflects the bipedalism. Apes: Long ischium. The ischial tuberosity is wider in apes than it is in humans and it does not look so pulled-up in apes. The ischial tuberosity lacks the facets for the hamstring and adductor muscles. Pubis Humans: Pubic crest and pubic tubercle are important in bipedal locomotion as well, because the pubic crest serves as an attachment for Rectus abdominis that supports the guts and pubic tubercle is associated with the inguinal ligament, which helps in supporting the trunk. The iliopubic eminence is the divider of the Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS) and the AIIS. Here takes place the iliopsoas muscle that helps in flexing the hip and supporting the upper body on the hip joint. Apes: Apes lack all these human characteristics at the pubis: they do not have a pubic crest nor tubercle, and because their pelvis orient differently, their ilipsoas groove and iliopubic eminence are missing. The pubic symphysis in apes are usually fuses together, while it only rarely happens in humans. Acetabulum Humans: The orientation of the acetabulum is inferior-lateral-anterior. The superior margin of acetabulum must cope with the biggest weight/pressure, it developed a very thick cartilage, so did the head of the femur. This is called laubrum. Very strong, Z-shaped, ligaments are present here. The depth of the acetabulum can tell us a lot about the mobility of the hip joint. If the acetabulum is shallow, it reflects more flexibility. The acetabulum in humans is shallow compared to many of the African apes (but chimpanzees), but it is deep compared to the orang-utans. Apes: The ligaments are weaker than in humans. Sacrum, coccyx Humans: The human sacrum contains five fused vertebrae averagely. However, it can be varied between four and six. The coccyx stands from four fused vertebrae, usually. The sacrum in humans is wider than in apes and it is not so long as an ape sacrum. This unique shape is very distinctive regarding to bipedalism. The wider sacrum means more distance between the sacroiliac joint, which helps in transferring the weight and the pressure from pubic symphysis. A wider distance at this joint also means a larger birth-canal. Apes: In apes and monkeys the number of the fused vertebrae of the sacrum and coccyx may vary from species to species. The shape of the sacrum is not so wide and more elongated. It reveals that they do not support so huge weight on their pelvic region as do the humans. Femur Humans: The human femur is longer than that of an ape. The lateral condyle in humans is more prominent. The bicondylar surface is larger in humans than in apes. It is because of the centre of gravity of the body. Apes: Medial condyle is larger in apes. More flexibility at the hip joint. B, Actions of muscles at the knee and ankle joints during bipedal locomotion. Observed features in ancestral hominid fossils. Extensors of the leg at the knee joint: Tensor fasciae latae Quadriceps femoris muscles (Rectus femoris, Vasti lateralis, medialis, intermedius) Flexors of the leg at the knee joint: Sartorius Gracilis (also can assist in medial rotation) Hamstring muscles (Biceps femoris {it is also the lateral rotator of the knee joint}, Semimembranosus, Semitendenosus {they also medially rotate the knee joint when the leg is flexed} Gastrocnemius Popliteus (weak flexor, but it is a medial rotator of the leg) Plantaris Muscles that act at the ankle (talotibial) joint: Tibialis anterior (dorsiflexion) Extensor hallucis longus (dorsiflexion) Extensor digitorum longus (dorsiflexion) Peroneus tertius (dorsiflexion) Peroneus longus and brevis (plantar flexion) Gastrocnemius (plantar flexion) Soleus (plantar flexion) Plantaris (plantar flexion) Flexor digitorum longus (plantar flexor) Tibialis posterior (plantar flexor) Fossil records: Australopithecus afarensis: The tibia and the fibula are quite interesting. We can observe adaptations to both arboreal and bipedal signs. This is called mosaic morphology. The examined specimens: AL 129-1b, AL 288-1aq and AL 333x-26). Ape-like elements: short border to the lateral condyle, in the first two specimens, there are features that general in the apes (under the epicedial there was the hollowed-out appearance) which means that the Tibialis posterior attached to the lateral side of the tibia instead of the posterior side. Other attachments such as semimembranosus and gracilis are also rather ape-like. Nevertheless, other A. afarensis specimens show bipedal characteristics: Distal articulation surface of the tibia (the angle of the ankle joint and the tibia and fibula). But, yet again, there are ape-like features also on the distal part of fibula: the direction of the articular facet, (orients distally rather than medially as in the modern humans), they have an anteriorly oriented peroneal groove on their fibulae while it faces laterally in modern humans. The A. afarensis Lucy (AL 288-1) also owns these mosaic morphological features: the posteriorly oriented distal tibial angle shows similarities with the apes, while in other afarensis specimens the angle is lateral, which is a human feature. The carrying angle at the knee joint also shows more similarities to the modern human specimens. This can reveal an individual arboreal habit of Lucy, and a more developed bipedalism in the other specimens. Homo habilis: The H. habilis specimens do not cause so many arguments than the australopithecines. They have more human like features in their lower legs and less ape-like features. Although, they do not lack these features (rounded anterior border of the tibia, in humans the insertion area of the Flexor digitorum longus is bigger than that of the tibialis posterior it is quite the opposite in the habilis. The attachments of other muscles soleus, popliteus show sort of a transition between apes and humans, etc.). The Neanderthals: The fibula and the tibia are very robust, but bear the human characteristics. Q2, Evolution of the early hominid foot The main characteristics of the human foot include the presence of the arches, the calcaneocuboid joint, the proportions of the major parts of the foot, the shape of the ankle-joint and the fact that the hallux cannot be opposed. The arches in foot are quite unique, the apes do not have arches (they have only one arch, the transverse arch). In humans, apart from the plantar aponeurosis, there are other ligaments that aid in having these arches: the spring ligament, the short plantar ligament and the long plantar ligament. The length of the distal digits of the toes are much shorter in humans than in apes, however, the size of the big toe is about the same. The foot of Australopithecus afarensis, such as in the leg, shows mosaic morphology. It means that certain features are similar to the modern humans, while others share similarities with the apes. The human-like morphology: the talus which also has both human and ape characteristics together with the tibia and fibula, shows a more human like joint at the talotibia. Although, the shape of the talus is rather ape-like. Other signs that reveal a more human appearance in the afarensis foot are the talar trochlear shape, the direction of the ankle joints axis and of the Flexor hallucis longuss groove which suggest that the movements of the afarensis were very similar to those of the modern humans. The shape of the fifth metatarsals reveal a very similar ability of dorsiflexion as it is present in modern humans. Their navicular bones in appearance are more ape-like, but the presence of the groove of the spring ligament proves that they might have similar arches than the modern humans have. The possibility of the bipedal locomotion can be traced down also by the human-like lateral cuneiform, although, its hook makes it look more ape like. Nevertheless, the ape-like curves of the phalanges suggest that they might be arboreal. The calcareous also have both human and ape like features, the medial cuneiform is rather ape like, so is the first metatarsals rounded head. The foot of Paranthropus robostus has several human-like characteristics. These features are the following: the hallux probably was adducted unlike in the apes where the big toe is rather abducted, the plantar ligaments suggest similarities to the human foot, the first metatarsal suggests that it bore more weight than the apes because of its robust appearance, but other features on the first metatarsal bone reveal ape-like features, too. According to the article of Susman and Brain (1988, mentioned in Aiello and Dean), it is very likely that the Paranthropus robostus was bipedal but in a different way than the modern humans. The foot of the Homo habilis: The biggest argument is caused by the tarsal bones of a young Homo habilis (OH 8 from Olduvai Gorge), because some researchers do not think that the human characteristics of this specimens foot bones are good enough to be classified as humans. The elements of the foot show the signs of the bipedalism even those agree with this who do not think that this specimen deserves to be included into the Homo genus but, perhaps, in a completely different way as it is seen in the modern humans. Another talus bone, the KNM-ER 813 from Koobi Fora, has less problems with its classifications, as it shows more similarities to the talus of the modern humans. The first metatarsal is the most robust, and the fifth metatarsal bone of the OH 8 is the second, while in apes the fifth metatarsal bone is the weakest. The size of the foot length of the OH 8 is also more similar to the structure of the human foot. The fossil record suggests that the opposability of the big toe of OH 8 is not present, but the adduction of it can be observed. The ability of grasping is also very likely, though. The foot of the Neanderthals: Interestingly, the evidences reveal that the opposability of the big toe might be somewhere between the modern humans and the living apes. Others deny it, because of the more human characteristics in the tarsometatarsal joint, which can be varied on a great scale even in modern humans. Typical Neanderthal features are the short proximal phalanx of the big toe and the short neck of the talus. The possible signs of the bipedalism in the fossil evidences: Apart from the bones of the foot other skeletal remains can reveal the erected body posture and the possible bipedal walking habits. A relative longer arm may be a sign of the arboreal life-style, or partly arboreal living circumstances. Nevertheless, Lucy has relatively short fingers, not ape-like, long ones (JOHANSON-EDEY 1990) The shape of scapula and the orientation of the glenoid fossa also can help to answer this question. A small fragment of an Australopithecus afarensis scapula suggests that its owner had a more ape-like in this question, than human like. In apes the glenoid fossa faces towards the cranium and this feature can be observed also in case of this fragment. A more complete scapula which derives from an A. africanus (Sts 7) can tell us more details about the possible functions of the pectoral girdle. This scapula looks very similar to the scapula fragment of the afarensis specimen (AL 288-1l), and they both bear more similarities to the pectoral girdle of the ape s, especially to the orang-utans. The ribcage has more ape-like characteristics in its appearance. The shape of the vertebral column, however, widens distally (the lumbar vertebrae are the widest) as it appears in humans, which is another possible sign of the bipedal locomotion. The pelvic girdle shows more evidences for the mosaic morphology yet again. The iliac crest is rather human-like, although it is more elongated laterally and the acetabulum orients more anteriorly. Perhaps this is the reason why A. afarensis has a relatively very long femoral neck. The iliac blades direct interiorly, as well. The shape of the sacrum is very wide another human-like sign, however its posterior segment is not as curved anteriorly as it is in the modern humans. According to Johanson (JOHANSON-EDEY 1990), Lucys pelvis is adapted to the bipedal locomotion as well as to the possibility to give life to large-headed babies, as her pelvis is so wide. All these features make likely that the A. afarensis could walk bipedally, but in a more complicated way. The anteriorly faced acetabulum could result a very heavy bipedalism. On the femoral head, we can observe a stronger fovea than it is on the femoral head of the modern human. In quadrupeds the tibial tuberosity is more rounded and less sharp. The sharpness of the tibial tuberosity is a more human (or bipedal) characteristic. This sharpness can be observed in Lucy, although her tibia looks more robust compared to the very tall juvenile, the Turkana boy (H. erectus). In proximal femur of the Australopithecines, there are about the same number of similarities to humans (the varied presence of the intertrochanteric line and the Obturator externus groove) than to chimpanzees (the small femoral head and the non-flaring greater trochanter) and the unique features (long femoral neck, compressed femoral neck-cross section), the more similarities to humans in the question of the distal femur (the high/very high bicondylar angle, the elliptical shaped lateral epicedial profile), and its own unique phenomena in the epiphysis shape and symmetry, but the femoral shafts more similarity to the chimpanzees gives us a very eclectic impression about the possible locomotion of the Australopithecines. As I wrote in the 1B question, the foot of the Australopithecines show very varied picture as well. It reveals both human and ape like features such as almost everything else in the Australopithecus skeleton. The more human like elements of the foot include the human-like ankle joint, the ability of a better dorsiflexion, the expanded base of the fifth metatarsal, the wide calcaneus and the presence of the longitudinal arch. On the other hand, there are several ape-like characteristics, like the shape of the phalanges, the tuberosity of the calcaneous has an oval orientation, also has a huge peroneal tubercle, the already mentioned ape-like shape of the hook of the lateral cuneiform bone, and the rounded head of the first metatarsal. Summarising, the mosaic morphology in the Australopithecines are very strongly present, they share similarities to the humans, as well as to the apes, but they also developed own features. It is very likely that they were adapted to the bipedal locomotion, but not in a modern human way. The essay has been written by using the following books as a guide-line: Aiello and Dean, 2006: An Introduction To Human Evolutionary Anatomy, reprinted in 2006, Elsevier Academic Press, London The materials during the Demo-sessions And JOHANSON-EDEY, 1990: Lucy The Beginnings of Humankind, Penguin Books, London, 1990.

Mythology in Oedipus Rex Essay -- Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

Mythology in Oedipus Rex  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In â€Å"The Oedipus Legend† Bernard M. W. Knox talks of the advantages accruing to Sophocles as a user of myths in his dramas:    The myths he used gave to his plays, without any effort on his part, some of those larger dimensions of authority which the modern dramatist must create out of nothing if his play is to be more than a passing entertainment. The myths had the authority of history, for myth is in one of its aspects the only history of an age that kept no records. . . . the myths served as typical patterns of the conduct of man and the manifestation of the gods (85).    This essay seeks to explore the life of the flawed mythological person, Oedipus, as protagonist of Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex.    E. T. Owen in â€Å"Drama in Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus† comments on the mythological beginnings of Oedipus Rex:    Professor Goodell says: â€Å"Given an old myth to be dramatized, Sophocles’ primary question was, ‘Just what sort of people were they, must they have been, who naturally did and suffered what the tales say they did and suffered?† That was his method of analysis (38).    In his essay â€Å"Sophoclean Tragedy† Friedrich Nietzsche searches out the mythology in this drama, and finds that the story originates in Persia:    Oedipus who murders his father and marries his mother. Oedipus who solves the riddle of the Sphinx! What does this mysterious trinity of fateful deeds tell us? An ancient legend, occurring in purest form among the Persians, relates that a wise magician is born only as a result of incest – which, looking back to Oedipus, riddle-solver, wooer of his mother, we cannot hesitate to explicate. . . .(17).    Nietzsche’s tracing of th... ...s, edited by Thomas Woodard. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.    E. T. Owen in â€Å"Drama in Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus.† In Twentieth Century Interpretations of Oedipus Rex, edited by Michael J. O’Brien. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.    Segal, Charles. Oedipus Tyrannus: Tragic Heroism and the Limits of Knowledge. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1993.    â€Å"Sophocles† In Literature of the Western World, edited by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. NewYork: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984.    Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. Transl. by F. Storr. no pag. http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed new?tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&part=0&id=SopOedi    Van Nortwick, Thomas.   Oedipus: The Meaning of a Masculine Life. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.          Mythology in Oedipus Rex Essay -- Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex Mythology in Oedipus Rex  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In â€Å"The Oedipus Legend† Bernard M. W. Knox talks of the advantages accruing to Sophocles as a user of myths in his dramas:    The myths he used gave to his plays, without any effort on his part, some of those larger dimensions of authority which the modern dramatist must create out of nothing if his play is to be more than a passing entertainment. The myths had the authority of history, for myth is in one of its aspects the only history of an age that kept no records. . . . the myths served as typical patterns of the conduct of man and the manifestation of the gods (85).    This essay seeks to explore the life of the flawed mythological person, Oedipus, as protagonist of Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex.    E. T. Owen in â€Å"Drama in Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus† comments on the mythological beginnings of Oedipus Rex:    Professor Goodell says: â€Å"Given an old myth to be dramatized, Sophocles’ primary question was, ‘Just what sort of people were they, must they have been, who naturally did and suffered what the tales say they did and suffered?† That was his method of analysis (38).    In his essay â€Å"Sophoclean Tragedy† Friedrich Nietzsche searches out the mythology in this drama, and finds that the story originates in Persia:    Oedipus who murders his father and marries his mother. Oedipus who solves the riddle of the Sphinx! What does this mysterious trinity of fateful deeds tell us? An ancient legend, occurring in purest form among the Persians, relates that a wise magician is born only as a result of incest – which, looking back to Oedipus, riddle-solver, wooer of his mother, we cannot hesitate to explicate. . . .(17).    Nietzsche’s tracing of th... ...s, edited by Thomas Woodard. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.    E. T. Owen in â€Å"Drama in Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus.† In Twentieth Century Interpretations of Oedipus Rex, edited by Michael J. O’Brien. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.    Segal, Charles. Oedipus Tyrannus: Tragic Heroism and the Limits of Knowledge. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1993.    â€Å"Sophocles† In Literature of the Western World, edited by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. NewYork: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984.    Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. Transl. by F. Storr. no pag. http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed new?tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&part=0&id=SopOedi    Van Nortwick, Thomas.   Oedipus: The Meaning of a Masculine Life. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.         

American and African Comparison Essay

Between 1492 and 1750, Africa and America experienced similarities in the introduction of new crops, movement on natives, and disease, while having differences in shift gender population, the amount of deaths, ethnicity change, and environment. Africa and America both experienced the introduction of new crops. In Africa, American crops such as maize were very useful in order to sustain the population. The cheap new source of food allowed Africa to sustain its population. America received new crops and animals such as rice and chickens. Both regions experienced an offset in the native population as a result of the Europeans. The demand for slavery in Africa resulted in a massive amount of natives being shipped to America. In America, the remainder of the Aztecs and Inca in Latin America were either moved or put under forced labor. In North America, smaller tribes such as the Iroquois and Algonquin were pushed off of their land by English and Dutch settlers. Both regions also experienced a widespread of disease. In Africa, diseases like Syphilis spread easily because most Africans were uneducated about sanitation. In America, native populations of the Aztecs and Inca were decimated by smallpox. The Aztecs, like the Africans, did not have the proper sanitary conditions, and new diseases meant that they were not immune to them. One major difference was the shift in the amount of men and women in each region. In Africa, most of the slaves taken were males. This meant that the majority of the African population became female. As a result of all of the slaves imported to the new world, the majority of America was male. Another difference was the amount of death among the natives. In America, a very large percentage of the native population died. In Africa, the shift in population was caused more by African slaves being taken out. While death was common along the Atlantic circuit, Africa was better equipped to sustain its native population. Foods brought from the New World enabled Africans to repopulate quickly whereas in America, the natives were replaced by the Europeans. Another major difference was the changes in the natural environment. In America, forests were cut down carelessly in order to create colonial towns. The resources were exploited to a vast degree to support European mercantilism. In Africa, change to the environment was milder. Most interaction occurred at the coast while central Africa was unexplored. African resources such as gold were traded, but were not in high demand until later on. Africa and America both were similar in the arrival of new crops, shift in population, and epidemics while being different in change of demographics, amount of death, new ethnicities, and the impact on the environment.

A extensive book revew on Animal Farm by George Orwell and its symbolism to the Russian Revolution

A extensive book revew on Animal Farm by George Orwell and its symbolism to the Russian Revolution Book Review: Animal Farm: A Fairy StoryBy George OrwellPublisher: Harcourt Brace Company; 1946The content of the novel Animal Farm by George Orwell is satirical to the RussianRevolution. The narrative is developed by means of an establishment of events that correlatedirectly to changes that occurred in Russia [mainly] in the early 1900's. The events andcharacters in the book are comparative to important figures and affairs in the RussianRevolution. Although Orwell wrote the book to clearly reflect that distinct era, this novel can alsobe viewed as an allegory on any revolution. Through this generalized approach to thepresentation of the novel, Orwell creates a more identifiable way in which to explore thehappenstance of the Russian Revolution, while simultaneously creating a completely individualtrain of events.The novel takes place on a farm called "Manor Farm". In the initial stages of the book,the power over the farm is directly in the hands of a certain "Mr.Stalin's Grave by the Kremlin Wall NecropolisJones" who in recent times hastaken up alcohol consumption. Mr.Jones is parallel to Tsar Nicholas II as suggested by hisantipathy toward his people (the farm animals, in Jones' situation) and his denial of the currentbureaucratic state. Before his abdication in 1917 (as is parallel to Jones' escapement from hisspiteful farm of animals), the Tsar is known to have partaken in excess alcohol consumptionalong with his men. It was for this same reason that Jones has lost control of the farm, whichinitiates the ideal of revolution to the animals. Old Major stirs the other animals by showing hisdisagreement as per Jones' selfish method of running the farm. As quoted in the book, "Manis the only creature that consumes without producing. He does not give milk, he does not...

Web Content Management Systems Essays

Web Content Management Systems Essays Web Content Management Systems Essay Web Content Management Systems Essay Essay Topic: Web Web content management system requires an administrator and/or web developer to set up and add features but mainly the editing and management part can be handled by a non-technical person. Features Web content management systems typically have the following features; Automated Templates: Standard output templates can be created and applied to change the design of the entire web page can be changed centrally. Access Control: Some of the web content management systems allow the content manager to manage access rights to certain groups or users, ? Access rights can be provided or certain pages can be blocked for specific user groups Access right can also be managed to allow or block access for ‘logged on’ or ‘anynonumous users’ Scalable Expansion: WCMS’ provide the capability to expand a single implementation (one installation on one server) to various domains. Work flow management: Workflow is the process of creating cycles of sequential and parallel ta sks that must be accomplished in the CMS. For example, one or many content creators can submit a story, but it is not published until the copy editor cleans it up and the editor-in-chief approves it.Collaboration: WCMS allows many people to collaborate on a single web page. Many authorized content writers can work on one document or web page simultaneously, these changes can be authorized to make them permanent or denied to revert to the original document. Document management: CMS software may provide a means of collaboratively managing the life cycle of a document from initial creation time, through revisions, publication, archive, and document destruction. Content virtualization:CMS software may provide a means of allowing each user to work within a virtual copy of the entire web site, document set, and/or code base. This enables changes to multiple interdependent resources to be viewed and/or executed in-context prior to submission. Content syndication: Content management systems help in content distribution by the likes of RSS feeds, emails can also be sent out to registered users in case the content is updated. Multilingual support: The content can be displayed in multiple languages.Versioning: Like many document management system, versioning can be done on the web content as well. Authorized content editors can pick up writing from a point in the article already published. This feature is very useful in contents that require regular updating. Types of content management systems There are three types of content management systems: ? ? ? Online CMS Offline CMS Hybrid CMS Online CMS: The online content management systems are capable of displaying content on demand when a user visits the web page. E. g. certain template can be applied to the webpage from the web cache when a user is visiting the web page. Offline CMS: These are sometimes referred to as â€Å"static-site generators†, here instead of displaying the content on-demand, the content process ing is done before publishing. Since pre-processing tools don’t require a server to display content on-demand. Offline CMS can also exist purely as a design time tool. Hybrid CMS: These content management systems write executable content, in which CMS itself doesn’t have to be deployed on a server but server similar functionality of the online CMS.Most popular content management systems ? ? ? ? ? WordPress Joomla ModX Text pattern Refinery CMS ? ? ? ? ? Drupal Concrete 5 Dotnet nuke Umbraco Tiny CMS Advantages of CMS Cost effective With a content management system, a web page can be maintained for a fraction of a price of hiring a web developer. Easy customization The web page can be easily customized without coding. Most WCMS provide a GUI using which the content can be customized using user friendly features such

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Case Study Example generic fluoxetine, etc.) (1). To prevent other pharmaceutical companies from grabbing a large portion of Eli Lilly’s market shares in the selling of antidepressant drugs, Eli Lilly and company is considering the need to replace Prozac with its successor. Eventually, the successor of Prozac is expected to be launched at least 18 months prior to the date wherein Prozac’s patent right would expire (18). The New Antidepressant Team (NAT) is composed of people from Eli Lilly’s R&D and marketing department (7). During the initial stage of searching for Prozac’s successor, members of NAT investigated a total of five (5) assets known as: (1) R-fluoxetine; (2) olanzapine-fluoxetine combination (OFC); (3) 5HT2 antagonist SSRI; (4) business development opportunities; and (5) Cymbalta (duloxetine) (7 – 8). In general, there are serious constraints in the first four (4) assets. Therefore, the members of NAT decided to pursue the future development of Cymbalta a s the best option. For instance, even though the use of R-fluoxetine can prevent the side effects of Prozac which include sexual dysfunction and insomnia, this particular drug composition is patented by Sepracor. In the process of entering a license agreement with Sepracor, Eli Lilly will have to share part of its profit with the said company. Furthermore, the use of R-fluoxetine can trigger serious side effects on the part of the patients. Therefore, it is not advisable for Eli Lilly to invest in the future development of R-fluoxetine. Although OFC has been approved by the FDA, investing in the future development of OFC is also questionable because of the small market size of people with bipolar depression (2.5 million patients or less than 1% of U.S. population) as compared to individuals with major depressive disorder (10% of U.S. population). It means that focusing on the development of OFC would mean less sales and profit on the part of Eli Lilly. The 5HT2 antagonist SSRI is ef fective in terms of reducing side effects such as anxiety, agitation, insomnia, restlessness, and sexual dysfunction. However, it is not advisable to invest further on this option because of its toxic effects on animals. Lastly, there was an issue of business conflict in Eli Lilly’s in-license compound from other pharmaceutical companies (8). As a potential successor of Prozac, the NAT has to decide on three (3) options for Cymbalta before the official NDA submission. These options include: (1) the need to prove the efficiency or effectiveness 60 mg of Cymbalta once a day (QD) when treating major depressive disorder; (2) conduct a clinical trial which aims to allow the company to come up with an entirely new pain indicator for Cymbalta on top of presenting the drug efficacy using 20 to 40 mg of Cymbalta at least two times a day (BID); and (3) postpone the NDA submission for several years until option 1 and 2 has been satisfied (15). Analysis and Evaluation In search for Proza c’s successor, conducting a marketing research is important in terms of determining the target market and the future expected sales and profitability of Eli Lilly. Specifically the end users of Cymbalta include all individuals who are suffering from major depressive disorder. In line with this, it is necessary to take note that consumer behavior about certain drugs is highly dependent on what they physicians would prescribe to them. In this context, it is clear that